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[10] McMurray, Distant Ties, KL 1808-21.[11] Landau, Pan-Islam, 94-8.

[12] Geiss, July 1914, doc. 135.

[13] Mot add, Islam and Nazi Germany’s War, 19f.[14] McMurray, Distant Ties, KL 1826-38.[15] McMurray, Distant Ties, KL 1850-56.[16] Rogan, Fall of the Ottomans, 40f.

[17] Rogan, ‘Rival Jihads’, 3f.

[18] McMeekin, Berlin-Baghdad Express, 87[19] McMeekin, Berlin-Baghdad Express, 376, n. 8.[20] McMeekin, Berlin-Baghdad Express, 124.[21] ‘The Ottoman Sultan’s Fetva: Declaration of Holy War’, 15 November 1914 in Charles F. Home (ed.), Source Records of the Great War, vol. Ⅲ (New York: National Alumni, 1923): [domain].[22] Motadel, Islam and Nazi Germany’s War, 19.[23] McMeekin, Berlin-Baghdad Express, 125.[24] Schwanitz, ‘Bellicose Birth’, 186-7.[25] Motadel, Islam and Nazi Germany’s War, 21-5.[26] 奥本海姆在叙利亚东北部的泰尔哈拉夫发现并挖掘了极其丰富的遗址，那里是古阿拉曼城的所在地——古扎纳州或戈赞州。

[27] McMeekin, Berlin-Baghdad Express, 135. See also Morgenthau, Secrets of the Bosphorus, 110.[28] Landau, Pan-Islam, 98; Zürcher, Jihad and Islam in World War I, 83.[29] McKale, ‘British Anxiety’.

[30] Al-Rawi, ‘John Buchan’s British-Designed Jihad’.[31] McKale, ‘British Anxiety’.

[32] Motadel, Islam and Nazi Germany’s War, 21-5.[33] Gussone, ‘Die Moschee im Wünsdorfer “Halbmondlager”’.[34] Fogarty, ‘Islam in the French Army’, 25f.[35] Trumpener, Germany and the Ottoman Empire, 117f.[36] McMeekin, Berlin-Baghdad Express, 283.[37] Zürcher, ‘Introduction’, 24. See also Aksakal, ‘“Holy War Made in Germany?”’ and ‘Ottoman Proclamation of Jihad’.[38] Rutledge, Enemy on the Euphrates, 33-7.[39] McKale, ‘Germany and the Arab Question’, 249f., n. 13.[40] McKale, ‘Germany and the Arab Question’, 249f., 238f.[41] Al-Rawi, ‘John Buchan’s British-Designed Jihad’.[42] Schwanitz, ‘Bellicose Birth’, 195f.[43] Fogarty, ‘Islam in the French Army’, 31-3.[44] Ahmad, ‘Great War and Afghanistan’s Neutrality’, 203-12.[45] Rogan, ‘Rival Jihads’, 6-7.

[46] Darwin, Empire Project, 295-7.

[47] McKale, War by Revolution, 171.

[48] McKale, ‘British Anxiety’.

[49] Rutledge, Enemy on the Euphrates, 33-7.[50] Cleveland and Bunton, History of the Modern Middle East, 132f.[51] Rogan, Fall of the Ottomans, 280f.[52] McKale, ‘British Anxiety’.

[53] McKale, ‘Germany and the Arab Question’, 246; Rogan, ‘Rival Jihads’, 14-16.[54] 麦克马洪接受了侯赛因提议的地区边界，但排除了以下地区：奇里乞亚（今天在土耳其东南部）和那些位于大马士革、霍姆斯、哈马和阿勒颇以西的“叙利亚部分”，法国已经宣布对这些地区郸兴趣，并支持英国对美索不达米亚的巴格达和巴士拉省的所有权。英法两国对叙利亚和美索不达米亚地区的设计臭名昭著，在1916年5月的马克·赛克斯爵士和弗朗索瓦·乔治·皮科之间达成的协议中得到了替现，他们设想奥斯曼帝国在战初会完全分裂。

[55] Rogan, The Arabs, 150f.

[56] Rogan, The Arabs, 151f.

[57] McKale, ‘British Anxiety’.

[58] McKale, ‘Germany and the Arab Question’, 244.36